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2019年8月17日 星期六

助动词及易用错的动词 1-5:Should

1-5:should
1.should 之后接原形动词
2.should的主要功能就是表示一种义务,译为“应当”。此时等于ought to
例:we(you, one, a man) should be kind to others.
    (我们应善待他人。)
3.但在下列结构中,习惯上也用should,有其不同的意思
(1)it is (natural/proper/right/advisable/desirable/no vonder) that... should(会)
……会……是自然的,适当的,正当的,恰当的,较好的,无疑的
例:it is natural that he should get angry.
(他会生气是很自然的事。)
it is proper that one who works hard should be successful.
(努力的人会成功,这是合理的。)
it is no wonder that such a naughty boy should be punished.
(这样顽皮的孩子会受到处罚,这是没有什么好奇怪的。)
(2)it is necessary/imperative/essential/important/urgent that...should(应当)
……应当……是有必要的
例: it is necessary that he(should) finish the work before leaving.
(他必须在走之前完成工作。)
在本结构中的should通常予以省略,而保留其后的原形动词。
例:it is important that he finish the job before leaving.
(重要的是,他必须在走之前完成工作。)
it is urgent that he do the work now.
(他现在应该赶紧做这项工作。)
(3)it is surprising/amazing that...should(居然)
令人惊异的是……居然……
例:it is surprising that he should be so kind.
(令人惊讶的是,他竟然这么仁慈。)
(4)it is (a pity/a regret/regrettable) that...should(居然)
令人遗憾的是……居然……
例:it is a pity that he should be so rude.
(他这么粗鲁,真令人遗憾。)
见虚拟语气一章。
4.意志动词的省略
意志动词如表“建议”(propose, recommend, suggest)、“要求”(ask, demand,desire,require,insist,request)、“命令”(order,command)、“规定”(rule,regulate)等,之后若有that从句做宾语时,that从句中也使用should,而should往往亦予以省略。
例:he suggested that we (should) go at once.
(他建议我们立刻去。)
they demanded that he (should) be quiet.
(他们要求他安静。)
*见虚拟语气一章。
5. lest表“以免”,为连接副词,所引导的从句亦使用should,而should也可予以省略
例:he came early lest he (should) be late.
= he came early for fear that he might be late.
(他怕迟到而来得很早。)
*见虚拟语气一章。
6,if从句若表示与将来状况相反时,应使用should,表“万一”之意
例:if you should be late again, you might spoil the plan.
(你万一再迟到,就会破坏这个计划。)
*见虚拟语气一章。
7.过去时的结构中,要用should代替shall
例:i told him that i should be at home that evening.
(我告诉他那天晚上我会在家。)
i said to him,"i shall be at home this evening."
(我告诉他:“今晚我会在家。”)
8.should have+过去分词
(1)表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,译成“早应……”。
例:if you had not helped me, i should have died.
(你当时要是没救我,我就死了。)
you should have done it earlier.
(你应该早点儿做好的。)
it was such a fine sight. you should have seen it.
(这么好的景色,你当时真该看看的。)
(2)表“居然已经”,往往出现在下列结构中:
例:it is surprising that he should have passed the examination.
(令人惊讶的是他居然已通过了考试。)
it is a pity that he should have done such a stuqid thing.
(真遗憾他竟然做了这么愚蠢的事。)

助动词及易用错的动词 1-7: Can (Could)

1-7: can (could)
1.表“能力”(=be able to),译成“能够”
例:he can cope with the problem.
= he is able to cope with the problem.
(他能够处理这个问题。)
2.表“可能性”,译成“有可能”
例:he can be wrong (to say so./if he says so.)
(他要是这么说就可能错了。)
3.表“许可”(=may),译成“可以”
例:you can go home now.
(你现在可以回家了。)
you can't smoke here.
(你不可以在这儿抽烟。)
4.在疑问句或否定句中,表“可能性”,译成“有可能”或“不可能”
例:can it be true? no, it can't be true.
(这可能是真的吗?不,这不可能是真的。)
5.表对过去事情的否定推论
can't have 过去分词 不可能会……
例:he is so honest that he can't have stolen your money yesterday.
(他这么老实不可能昨天会偷你的钱。)
表对过去事情的肯定推论,有两种句型:
(1)must have+过去分词 一定曾经……
例:he looks nervous; he must have stolen your money.
(他看起来紧张兮兮的,一定是偷了你的钱。)
(2)may have+过去分词 可能曾经……
例:he may have studied hard when young.
(他年轻的时候可能很用功。)
注意
疑问句中表对过去事情的推论,则用can...have+过去分词?
例:can he have done it?
(他有可能做过此事吗?)
6.could为can的过去时,通常与另一过去时动词并用,用以表示过去的状况。
例:she could speak english well when she was ten.
(她10岁时英语就说得很好了。)
when she entered the house, she could smell something burnign.
(她走进屋子时,闻到有东西烧焦了。)
7.would,could也可使用在问句中,以表示客气的语气
例:could/would you please do it for me?
(请你帮我做这事好吗?)
8.could=was able to
用子过去时中,表示过去的能力。
例:when young, he could eat eight bowls of rice at a time.
(他年轻时可以一顿吃8碗饭。)
9.can与not并用时,不要写成can not,而要写成cannot或can't
例:he cannot/can't write letters.(o)
(他不会写信。)
he can not write letters.(非习惯用法)
注意
could与not并用时,则应写成could not或couldn't,不要写成could not。
10.有关can的惯用语
(1)i(can not/can only)do so.
(我只能这么做。)
(2)i cannot but laugh.
= i cannot help but laugh.
= i cannot help/resist laughing.
(我忍不住大笑。)
(3)we cannot be too careful in choosing our friends.
(我们在择友时愈小心愈好。)
(4)i couldn't care less.
(我一点儿都不在乎。——我已经不在乎到了极点,因些我不能再少一点地不在乎了。)
(5)i couldn't agree more.
(我同意极了。——我已经同意到了极点,因此我不能再更加地同意了。)

助动词及易用错的动词 1-6:Would

1-6:would
1.表过去将来时,与另一过去时动词并用
例:he said that he would try again.
(他说他会再试试。)
he said,"i will try again."
(他说:“我会再试试。”)
did you know when he would come?
(你当时知道他何时会来吗?)
注意
新闻英语中,常出现will与过去时动词并用的现象。
例:he said that he will visit the country sometime in june.
(他说6月份要找个时间去乡下。)
本句暗示he said虽为过去状态,但he will visit...由表示将来一定会发生的状态,在语法上并没有错。为了方便你的了解,特编了下列两段对话:
会话一:
a:i saw john a few days ago.
a:几天前我看到约翰。
b:what did he say?
b:他说了些什么?
a:he said that he would call on you yesterday.
a:他说昨天要拜访你。
b:but as far as i know, he didn't show up yesterday.
b:但是就我所知,他昨天并没有出现。
会话二:
a:i saw john a few days age.
a:几天前我看到约翰。
b:what did he say?
b:他说了些什么?
a:he said that he will call on you tomorrow.
a:他说明天要去拜访你。
b:i'll be expecting him then.
b:到时候我会等他的。
2. would+原形动词 如果……就会……
would have+过去分词
表虚拟语气,分别表与现在和过去事实相反。
例:(l)与现在事实相反
if ihad money now, i would buy a car.
(but i don't have money now.)
(如果我现在有钱,我要买部车。—一但我现在没钱。)
(2)与过去事实相反
if i had money then, i would have bought a car.
(but i didn't have money they.)
(当时我要是有钱,早就买车了。)
*见第七章虚拟语气。
3.would rather+原形动词 宁愿
例:i would rather go than stay here.
= i would sooner go than stay here.
= i would as soon go as stay here.
= i would as lief go as stay here.
(我宁愿走也不要留在这儿。)
4.(i would rather/would/i wish)+(that) 从句
与现在事实相反,that从句用过去时:若与过去事实相反,则用过去完成时。
例:(i would rather/would/i wish) that( he were here./he had time.)
(but he is not here.)
(but he doesn't have time.)
(我真巴不得他在这儿有时间。
——但他不在这儿没有时间。)
i would rather he had been here.
(but he wasn't here.)
(当时我真巴不得他在这儿。——可是他当时并不在。)
i would rather he had had time.
(but he didn't have time.)
(当时我真巴不得他有时间。——但是当时他没空。)
5.would you mind+ v-ing/if从句?你介不介意……
= do you mind+ v-ing/if从句
例:would you mind (doing it for me?/if you did it for me?
= do you mind+(doing it for me?/if you did it for me?
(请您帮我做这事好吗?)
注意
would you mind 的口气要比do you mind客气。
同理:would you please do it for me?要比will you please do it for me?语气客气得多。
(请您帮我做这事好吗?)
注意
would you mind之后if从句中,动词须使用过去时,以便与过去时的would配合。do you mind之后的if从句中,动词要使用现在时,以便与现在时的do配合。

2019年8月3日 星期六

過去式 (動詞 be 助動詞)





Be +going+to



Have+pp





Be+being+adj





Would could could









Have been +being &pp







Be+pp







Would could should+ have pp







2017年2月22日 星期三

助動詞 May 與 Might

May Might

(1) May與表示意志的動詞並用時,表示「許可」,而may not則表示「不許可」。

【觀念確認 may not 可以縮寫成mayn’t一字,現代英文幾乎不使用矣。

You may have one hundred dollars for daily expense.--你一天可以花一百元
You may not play all day long without studying. (不許可= must not)
You might not play all day long without studying. (客氣的勸說)

深入探討 Mightmay之過去形式,意義與may一致,用於表達讓步語氣。

(2) May用於疑問句時,表示「請示、請求」,亦可引導「祈願、祝福」的句子

可以問你個問題嗎?
May I ask you a question?-------------------------------------(表示請示、請求)

請問芳名
Might I have your name? --------(讓步語氣,比may更客氣,與時間無關)

他問我是否他可以回家了
He asked me if he might go home.------------(表示過去式中的請示、請求)

祝你幸福!
May you be happy!---------------------------------------------------(祈願、祝福)


眉眉角角 May I ….?一句的回答

表示「許可」時可以是:
Yes, you may. Yes, you can. Yes, you are welcome to ……..

否定時(依語氣)可以是:
No, you may not (smoke here). ()
No, you can not (smoke here). ()
No, you must not (smoke here). ()
No, you shall not (smoke here). (禁制)

(3) May可用於表示「可能性、不確定性」,might表示更深的懷疑,與時態無關。

The report may be true. (表示可能性、不確定性)
The report might be true. (表示更深的懷疑)
Bring more money with you, the car may cost a lot.--多帶點錢吧,那車貴了

眉眉角角 may not不能用來表示「能力」,僅表示「不許可」或「不可能」

He may not arrive at the airport in time. -------------------(表示不可能)
You may not use my car unless you have the license. ---(表示不許可)

解析 表示不許可must not其實比 may not更恰當

(4) May有時具有取代can的作用,但語氣上比can來得弱,may = perhaps can

A man may be known by the company he keeps.-------近朱者赤,近墨者黑
You may take a horse to the water, but you can’t make it drink.-強龍不壓地頭蛇
You may have my body, but my love.---------你得到我的身體,得不到我的心

(5) 假設語氣,「對未來的猜測」若用may,表示對預測的事較無信心,或委婉

Even if you go now, you may not be able to help him.--就算去了也幫不了
I hope that the report may not be true.------------------------希望那報導是錯的
I am afraid that the report may be true.-----------------------那報導恐怕是真的

(6) 表示目的so that, in order that的子句需用may,若主要子句過去式則用might

I work hard in order that I may succeed someday.-------------------愛拼才會贏
We eat so that we may live, but no one should waste any food.----民以食為天
I got up early so that I might not miss the train for work.-----早起上班不遲到

(7) 在由whoever, whatever, wherever……引導表示讓步的副詞子句中,需用may

Whoever may say so, I will kill him.-----------------------誰說的,老子宰了他
Whatever you may do, I will stand on you.-----------無論做什麼,挺你到底
Whenever you may come, you are always welcome.-------------隨時歡迎光臨
Wherever you may be, I will go for you.------無論你在那裡,我要見你一面
Whichever you may choose, you won’t regret.--------------------------童叟無欺
However rich a man may be, he should not despise others.-無論多有錢勿欺人

May的慣用句型(初學者略之)

S + may well + V + O 也是理所當然,也是應該的」
= S + V + O, and well + S + may.

她女兒就是那麼地優秀,她感到驕傲也是理所當然
Since her daughter is so excellent, she may well be proud of her.
= Since her daughter is so excellent, she is proud of her, and well she may.
= Since her daughter is so excellent, she is proud of her with good reason.
= Since her daughter is so excellent, she has good reason to be proud of her.

他當然會那麼問
Of course, he may(might) well ask that.
= Of course, well he may(might) ask that.
= Of course, well may(might) ask that. (對象確定時,主詞亦可省略)
= Of course, he asks that, and well he may(might).
= Of course, he has good reason to ask that.

深入探討 S + may well not + V = S + can not well + V (實在不能,沒理由…)

實在不知道怎麼拒絕他才好
We may well not refuse him.
= We cannot very well refuse him.

實在不知道怎麼告訴他這噩耗才好
I may well not tell him the bad news.
= I cannot very well tell him the bad news.

S + may as well + V + O + (as…) 「最好是,猶如,不啻
= S + had better + V + O + (than…)

You may as well start it in no time (as not).------------------最好是馬上開始吧
= You had better start it in no time (than not).

One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.---半筒水響叮噹
= One had better not know a thing at all than know it imperfectly.

You may as well throw money away as lose it in gambling.--賭博猶如錢丟大海
= You had better throw money away than lose it in gambling.

S + may have + P.P. + O
解析 意解為「可能已經」,表示對過去的事所做的推測

她現在也該收到我的e-mail
She may have gotten my e-mail by now.

別放棄,救援隊有可能已經收到我們的求救訊號
Don’t give up! The rescue team may have received our Mayday.

深入體會 表示對過去的事所做強烈肯定的推測must have + PP

她一定曾經在此,那是她的手錶
    That’s her watch; she must have been here.

  我找不到她,想必她一定是已經離去
    I can’t find her; she must have left.

S + might have + P.P. + O
解析 意解為「有可能已經,或許可以」,表示和過去相反的事實

如果她有搭上那班公車,她或許已然到家了
She might have gotten home if she had taken the bus.

如果我有投資那支股,我搞不好已經發了
I might have been rich if I had invested on that stock.

深入體會 S + might + V S + might have + P.P. 的比較

你以後別再那麼做了
You might try not to do that again. (以後要小心)

你根本不該那麼做
You might have tried not to do that. (本該小心)

助動詞 Can 與 Could

Can Could
Can無論用於第一人稱或第二、三人稱時皆為意志未來以表示「能力」。

【觀念確認 can not 可以寫成cannot一字,縮寫can’t通常僅用於口語,寫作時不宜使用。

(1)表示「能力」的 can = be able to 與時態無關

他的英語說的真是好
He can speak English very well.
= He is able to speak English very well.

我完全不會說希臘語
I can’t speak Greek at all.
= I am not able to speak Greek at all.
= I am unable to speak Greek at all.

(2) Can為堅定的意志未來,表示較強烈的「許可與否」,與「高度的可能性」。

You can have the buffet as all you can eat.----------------------隨你吃到爆
=You are allowed to have the buffet as all you are able to eat.

解析 前者can表許可,後者can表能力

The test next week can be very difficult.-----------------下次週考恐怕很難
= The test next week is likely to be very difficult.
= The test next week is highly possible to be very difficult.

解析 表示高度的可能性的can,與能力無關

(3) Can用於否定句表示「否定的推測」,用於疑問句表示「強烈的懷疑」。

It can’t be true.-------------------------------------------------不可能是真的
= It is impossible to be true.

解析 否定的推測

You cannot smoke in the campus.----------------------------校園內不准吸煙
= You are not allowed to smoke in the campus.

解析 否定表示強烈的禁止= must not

You cannot do that.------------------------------------------------你不能那麼做
You are unable to do that.------------------------------------------你辦不到啦

解析 前者表不「許可」,後者表「能力」之不及

Can it be true?-----------------------------------------------這有可能是真的嗎?
= Is it possible to be true?

解析 疑問表示強烈的懷疑

(4) Can用於疑問句,加重語氣(重音)時,表示「不耐煩、失望、訝異」。

What else can he do?----------------------------------------還能幹什麼好事?
What else can I do?------------------------------------------不然我還能怎麼辦?
What can we do about it?--------------------------------------我們現在怎麼辦?
How can you do that to me?----------------------------怎能對我做這種事
How can he say so? It’s unfair.---------------------------他說的是什麼鳥話?

(5) Can用於表達某人或某事偶而會發生之意。

Mr. Chen can be very sarcastic.---------------------陳先生講話有時候很酸
= Mr. Chen is sometimes very sarcastic.
解析 表示有時(可能)….

(6) Can (not) + have + P.P. 的句表示「對過去的推測」。

He cannot have done this. (否定的推測)----------------不可能是他做的
She showed up, so she can have finished her work.----有可能已經做好

解析 對過去的推測

(7) Can (not) + have + P.P.用於疑問句表示「對過去強烈的懷疑」。

Can he have done such a thing?(表示強烈的懷疑)-有可能做這樣的事嗎?

解析 疑問表示對過去強烈的懷疑

深入探討

He couldn’t have done this yesterday.(過去否定的推測)--不可能是他做的
He could not do this yesterday.(過去否定)-----------------------------他做不來

Can的慣用句型

S + V + as … as … can (be/do) 「非常(初學者略之)

He runs as fast as fast (he) can do.---------------------------------他跑得非常快
He is as happy as happy (he) can be.------------------------------非常地快樂


S + can but + V…「只能,只好(初學者略之)

無人承認一概連坐
There being none to confess, I can but take all as suspects.

【觀念確認】 but = only, just, merely為副詞。

S + cannot help + V-ing… = S + cannot help but + V…「不得不,忍不住

這部電影實在感人,令我忍不住落淚
The movie is so touching that I cannot help shedding tears.
The movie is so touching that I cannot help but shed tears.

【觀念確認】 but為對等連接詞。

S + cannot + V…without + N / V-ing(),就()
= S + cannot + V…but + N / V-ing

Human beings cannot live without air.----------人類沒有空氣就不能活下去
Human beings cannot live but air.

I can’t live without you.---------------------------------------------不能沒有
I can’t live but you

You can’t get good grades without studying hard.------不用功得不到好成績
You can’t get good grades but studying hard.

【觀念確認】此but乃屬介繫詞(= except),並非對等連接詞

「無論,也不為過
S + cannot + V + O + too… = S +cannot + V + O + enough

Human beings cannot worship the God too much.---------------須敬畏天地
Human beings cannot worship the God enough.

(8) Could做為can之過去形式,意義與can並無二致,亦可用於表達讓步語氣

【觀念確認 could not 縮寫couldn’t通常僅用於口語,寫作時不宜使用。

She said “ I can swim well”.(直接引句表能力)-------她說:「我很會游泳」
She said that she could swim well.(間接引句過去式)--------她說她很會游泳

Don’t let him do that. He could do everything wrong. (讓步語氣,比can不肯定)
Don’t let him do that. He can do everything wrong. (此句只可用讓步語氣)

Could you do me a favor? (讓步語氣,比can更客氣)--------------幫個忙好嗎?
Can you do me a favor?

【觀念確認 was / were able tocould更具強調「能力」之意味。

He was not able to speak English before, but he is now. (表強調能力)
He could not speak English before, but he can now. (表時間狀態)
Could you deliver the letter to him? (表示請託)
    Were you able to deliver the letter to him in time? (表示辦得到嗎)

    We could leave earlier than we had expected. (因狀況允許而能夠)
    We were able to leave earlier than we had expected. (因設法努力而能夠)

Could (not) + have + P.P. 的句表示「與過去的事實相反

  如果和平條約及時到達,這場戰爭有可能已經被避免掉了
If the peace treaty had come in time, the war could have been avoided.

如果你早幫我,我早就可以完成工作了
If you had helped me, I could have finished the work.