LEARN-ENGLISH: 8月 2019

助动词及易用错的动词 1-5：Should

1-5：should
1．should 之后接原形动词
2．should的主要功能就是表示一种义务，译为“应当”。此时等于ought to
例：we(you, one, a man) should be kind to others.
（我们应善待他人。）
3．但在下列结构中，习惯上也用should，有其不同的意思
（1）it is (natural/proper/right/advisable/desirable/no vonder) that... should（会）
……会……是自然的，适当的，正当的，恰当的，较好的，无疑的
例：it is natural that he should get angry.
（他会生气是很自然的事。）
it is proper that one who works hard should be successful.
（努力的人会成功，这是合理的。）
it is no wonder that such a naughty boy should be punished.
（这样顽皮的孩子会受到处罚，这是没有什么好奇怪的。）
（2）it is necessary/imperative/essential/important/urgent that...should（应当）

……应当……是有必要的

例: it is necessary that he(should) finish the work before leaving.
（他必须在走之前完成工作。）

在本结构中的should通常予以省略，而保留其后的原形动词。

例：it is important that he finish the job before leaving.
（重要的是，他必须在走之前完成工作。）

it is urgent that he do the work now.
（他现在应该赶紧做这项工作。）

（3）it is surprising/amazing that...should（居然）

令人惊异的是……居然……

例：it is surprising that he should be so kind.
（令人惊讶的是，他竟然这么仁慈。）

（4）it is (a pity/a regret/regrettable) that...should（居然）

令人遗憾的是……居然……

例：it is a pity that he should be so rude.
（他这么粗鲁，真令人遗憾。）

见虚拟语气一章。

4.意志动词的省略

意志动词如表“建议”（propose, recommend, suggest）、“要求”（ask, demand,desire,require,insist,request）、“命令”（order,command）、“规定”（rule,regulate）等，之后若有that从句做宾语时，that从句中也使用should，而should往往亦予以省略。

例：he suggested that we (should) go at once.
（他建议我们立刻去。）

they demanded that he (should) be quiet.
（他们要求他安静。）

*见虚拟语气一章。

5. lest表“以免”，为连接副词，所引导的从句亦使用should，而should也可予以省略

例：he came early lest he (should) be late.
= he came early for fear that he might be late.
（他怕迟到而来得很早。）

*见虚拟语气一章。

6，if从句若表示与将来状况相反时，应使用should，表“万一”之意

例：if you should be late again, you might spoil the plan.
（你万一再迟到，就会破坏这个计划。）

*见虚拟语气一章。

7．过去时的结构中，要用should代替shall

例：i told him that i should be at home that evening.
（我告诉他那天晚上我会在家。）

i said to him,"i shall be at home this evening."
（我告诉他：“今晚我会在家。”）

8．should have+过去分词

(1)表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，译成“早应……”。

例：if you had not helped me, i should have died.
（你当时要是没救我，我就死了。）

you should have done it earlier.
（你应该早点儿做好的。）

it was such a fine sight. you should have seen it.
（这么好的景色，你当时真该看看的。）

（2）表“居然已经”，往往出现在下列结构中：

例：it is surprising that he should have passed the examination.
（令人惊讶的是他居然已通过了考试。）

it is a pity that he should have done such a stuqid thing.
（真遗憾他竟然做了这么愚蠢的事。）

助动词及易用错的动词 1-7: Can (Could)

1-7: can (could)
1.表“能力”（=be able to），译成“能够”
例：he can cope with the problem.
= he is able to cope with the problem.
（他能够处理这个问题。）
2．表“可能性”，译成“有可能”
例：he can be wrong (to say so./if he says so.)
（他要是这么说就可能错了。）
3．表“许可”（＝may），译成“可以”
例：you can go home now.
（你现在可以回家了。）
you can't smoke here.
（你不可以在这儿抽烟。）
4.在疑问句或否定句中，表“可能性”，译成“有可能”或“不可能”
例：can it be true? no, it can't be true.
（这可能是真的吗？不，这不可能是真的。）
5.表对过去事情的否定推论
can't have 过去分词不可能会……
例：he is so honest that he can't have stolen your money yesterday.
（他这么老实不可能昨天会偷你的钱。）
表对过去事情的肯定推论，有两种句型：
（1）must have+过去分词一定曾经……

例:he looks nervous; he must have stolen your money.
（他看起来紧张兮兮的，一定是偷了你的钱。）

（2）may have+过去分词可能曾经……

例：he may have studied hard when young.
（他年轻的时候可能很用功。）

注意

疑问句中表对过去事情的推论，则用can...have+过去分词？

例：can he have done it?
（他有可能做过此事吗？）

6.could为can的过去时，通常与另一过去时动词并用，用以表示过去的状况。

例：she could speak english well when she was ten.
（她10岁时英语就说得很好了。）

when she entered the house, she could smell something burnign.
（她走进屋子时，闻到有东西烧焦了。）

7．would,could也可使用在问句中，以表示客气的语气

例：could/would you please do it for me?
（请你帮我做这事好吗？）

8.could=was able to

用子过去时中，表示过去的能力。

例：when young, he could eat eight bowls of rice at a time.
（他年轻时可以一顿吃8碗饭。）

9．can与not并用时，不要写成can not，而要写成cannot或can't

例：he cannot/can't write letters.(o)
（他不会写信。）

he can not write letters.（非习惯用法)

注意

could与not并用时，则应写成could not或couldn't，不要写成could not。

10．有关can的惯用语

（1）i（can not/can only）do so.
（我只能这么做。）

（2）i cannot but laugh.
= i cannot help but laugh.
= i cannot help/resist laughing.
（我忍不住大笑。）

（3）we cannot be too careful in choosing our friends.
（我们在择友时愈小心愈好。）

（4）i couldn't care less.
（我一点儿都不在乎。——我已经不在乎到了极点，因些我不能再少一点地不在乎了。）

（5）i couldn't agree more.
（我同意极了。——我已经同意到了极点，因此我不能再更加地同意了。）

助动词及易用错的动词 1-6：Would

1-6：would
1.表过去将来时，与另一过去时动词并用
例：he said that he would try again.
（他说他会再试试。）
he said,"i will try again."
（他说：“我会再试试。”）
did you know when he would come?
（你当时知道他何时会来吗？）
注意
新闻英语中，常出现will与过去时动词并用的现象。
例：he said that he will visit the country sometime in june.
（他说6月份要找个时间去乡下。）
本句暗示he said虽为过去状态，但he will visit...由表示将来一定会发生的状态，在语法上并没有错。为了方便你的了解，特编了下列两段对话：
会话一：
a:i saw john a few days ago.
a：几天前我看到约翰。

b:what did he say?
b：他说了些什么？

a:he said that he would call on you yesterday.
a：他说昨天要拜访你。

b:but as far as i know, he didn't show up yesterday.
b：但是就我所知，他昨天并没有出现。

会话二：

a:i saw john a few days age.
a：几天前我看到约翰。

b:what did he say?
b：他说了些什么？

a:he said that he will call on you tomorrow.
a：他说明天要去拜访你。

b:i'll be expecting him then.
b：到时候我会等他的。

2. would+原形动词如果……就会……

would have+过去分词

表虚拟语气，分别表与现在和过去事实相反。

例：(l)与现在事实相反

if ihad money now, i would buy a car.
(but i don't have money now.)
（如果我现在有钱，我要买部车。—一但我现在没钱。）

(2)与过去事实相反

if i had money then, i would have bought a car.
(but i didn't have money they.)
（当时我要是有钱，早就买车了。）

*见第七章虚拟语气。

3.would rather+原形动词宁愿

例：i would rather go than stay here.
= i would sooner go than stay here.
= i would as soon go as stay here.
= i would as lief go as stay here.
（我宁愿走也不要留在这儿。）

4.（i would rather/would/i wish）+(that) 从句

与现在事实相反，that从句用过去时：若与过去事实相反，则用过去完成时。

例：(i would rather/would/i wish) that( he were here./he had time.)
(but he is not here.)
(but he doesn't have time.)
（我真巴不得他在这儿有时间。
——但他不在这儿没有时间。）

i would rather he had been here.
(but he wasn't here.)
（当时我真巴不得他在这儿。——可是他当时并不在。）

i would rather he had had time.
(but he didn't have time.)
（当时我真巴不得他有时间。——但是当时他没空。）

5.would you mind+ v-ing/if从句？你介不介意……
＝ do you mind+ v-ing/if从句

例：would you mind (doing it for me?/if you did it for me?
= do you mind+(doing it for me?/if you did it for me?
（请您帮我做这事好吗？）

注意

would you mind 的口气要比do you mind客气。

同理：would you please do it for me?要比will you please do it for me?语气客气得多。
（请您帮我做这事好吗？）

注意

would you mind之后if从句中，动词须使用过去时，以便与过去时的would配合。do you mind之后的if从句中，动词要使用现在时，以便与现在时的do配合。